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<text id=93CT1621>
<title>
Brunei--History
</title>
<history>
Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
Southeast Asia
Brunei
</history>
<article>
<source>CIA World Factbook</source>
<hdr>
History
</hdr>
<body>
<p> Ancient Chinese records in 518, 523, and 616 A.D. note visits
by Chinese envoys to a country named "Pol-ni, Polli and
Bun-lai," which could have been the Chinese pronounciation of
the name "Brunei."
</p>
<p> Without doubt, Brunei is one of the most ancient kingdoms in
Asia; records show that it was first settled in the 8th century.
Brunei was a kingdom of the Buddhist Srivijaya Empire of Sumatra
that collapsed with the ascendance of the great Hindu Empire of
Majapahit in Java in the 15th century. The sultans of Borneo
became independent rulers, and Islam came to Brunei via the
Sultanate of Tumasek (the ancient name of Singapore), although
recent discoveries suggest that this could have been as early
as the 13th century. Between the 14th and 15th centuries, Brunei
was a powerful Islamic kingdom with authority over the island
of Borneo, its influence reaching to Manila.
</p>
<p> Trade with outside countries gradually increased, and by the
early 1800s, the English began to show an interest in Brunei.
In 1838, James Brooke, the Victorian explorer arrived in Borneo
at a time when piracy was rife. Brooke fought against piracy and
successfully quelled rebellion. In return, the ruling sultan
ceded him an area known as Sarawak and made Brooke the Rajah.
Since that time, the Sultanate came under increasing pressure
from the Brooke regime in the south and speculators in Sabah to
the east to cede more territory.
</p>
<p> In 1847, the Sultan entered into a treaty with Great Britain
to further commercial relations and suppress piracy; and in
1888, by a further treaty, the state was placed under Great
Britain's protection. In 1906, Brunei accepted the first British
resident, who was to advise the government on all matters except
those concerned with indigenous customs and religion.
</p>
<p> The discovery of oil in 1929 significantly changed Brunei.
Oil and natural gas production has subsequently become the
principal source of development, generating one of the highest
per capita incomes in the world. During World War II, the
Japanese occupied Brunei for 3 1/2 years. After the war, social
and economic development slowly returned to normal.
</p>
<p> On the death of his brother in 1950, Sir Omar Ali Saifuddin
ascended to the throne. During his reign, a new constitution
was written in 1959 declaring Brunei a self-governing state,
while its foreign affairs, security, and defense remained the
responsibility of the United Kingdom. In December 1962, the
government put down a rebellion organized by the opposition,
Partai Rakyat Brunei, with the help of British forces dispatched
from nearby Singapore. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the
government also resisted pressures for reunification with
Sarawak and the newly formed Malaysia. The Sultan then decided
that Brunei should remain an in-dependent state.
</p>
<p> In 1967, Sir Omar abdicated in favor of his eldest son who
became the 29th ruler in succession. The coronation took place
on August 1, 1968. On October 4, 1970, the state capital, Brunei
Town, was renamed Bandar Seri Begawan to honor the Seri Begawan
Sultan, Sir Omar, the present Sultans father.
</p>
<p> On January 4, 1979, the Sultan and the British Minister of
State signed a new treaty of friendship and cooperation. Under
the terms of the treaty, Brunei was to resume full independence
at the end of 1983, and on January 1, 1984, it became the fully
independent state of Brunei Darussalam.
</p>
<p>Political Conditions
</p>
<p> Brunei is a hereditary Sultanate in which all major decisions
are made by His Majesty and Yang Di-Pertuan, Hassanal Bolkiah
Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah. The constitution provides the sultan with
supreme executive authority in the state. After independence,
six persons, including three members of the royal family, were
named to a cabinet, which assists in the administration of the
country.
</p>
<p> The legal system in Brunei is in most respects derived from
the British system. The courts consist of the Supreme Court,
comprised of the Court of Appeals and the High Court, and the
Subordinate Courts, made up of the Magistrates Courts. Lacking
a senior judiciary of its own, the Brunei High Court is presided
over by a British judge seconded from Hong Kong. Matters related
to the Islamic faith are dealt with by Islamic courts.
</p>
<p> The royal family, which has been in power for 29
generations, ensures continuing support for an autocratic form
of government by providing economic benefits such as subsidized
food, fuel, housing, free education and medical care, and
low-interest loans for citizen government employees to purchase
various consumer goods.
</p>
<p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
December 1987.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>